The 2011 revolution was a turning point for Tunisia’s Law Enforcement forces. In its wake, popular expectations changed about the mission and practices of Tunisia’s National Police and National Guard officers and agents. Citizens became more vocal in their frustration and less accepting of gaps in law enforcement service. To enhance the provision of security, the Tunisian Ministry of Interior, National Guard, and National Police launched a modernization program to improve how Tunisian law enforcement forces are trained for their new mission.

A central challenge facing Mali’s security forces is how to modernize and reform their training programs in the face of growing security threats. The types of training provided in the past—focused on interstate conflict or traditional law enforcement—are no longer sufficient.  Mali’s training academies have been slow to adapt to new threats. Mali’s academy and training leaders recognize that they must modernize their training systems to produce forces with the knowledge and skills to meet Mali’s present security needs.

Decades of violence, regional instability, and successive coups in the Central African Republic (CAR) have led to a weak central government and the collapse of CAR’s criminal justice institutions. In 2013, armed rebels seized the capital, Bangui, leading to a series of attacks and counter-attacks against civilians that ushered a humanitarian crisis. A new president, elected in 2016, Faustin Archange Touadéra, declared security, justice, and economic development his top priorities. But violence continues, and the central government has struggled to provide effective security. CAR’s law enforcement has been historically under-resourced and received minimal institutional development. The large majority of CAR law enforcement officers have not received basic training or instruction in core functions, such as human resources, logistical support, and budgeting.